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Un nouveau Code pénal

News
20 MARCH 2024

Health law, financial criminal law, disciplinary law

Le 22 février 2024, la Chambre des représentants a approuvé un nouveau Code pénal, qui remplacera, dans les deux ans après sa publication dans le Moniteur belge, le Code pénal de 1867.

 

Le nouveau Code pénal se compose de deux Livres : un Livre I, qui contient les dispositions générales et les principes généraux de droit, et un Livre II, qui énumère les infractions. La présente chronique a pour objet de souligner les principales innovations du Livre I (Ch. Repr., Doc. Parl., n° 55.3374/010). Celles du Livre II et spécialement les implications pour le monde des affaires seront abordées lors d’une chronique ultérieure.

 

Nous pouvons brièvement énumérer les principaux principes du Livre I comme suit :

 

  1. La réaffirmation du principe de la légalité des infractions et des peines
  2. Le principe d’interprétation stricte de la loi pénale
  3. La définition de l’infraction comme « la réunion d’un élément matériel et d’un élément moral », qui « implique, pour toutes les infractions, la conscience d’agir et le libre arbitre ». Il faut donc agir ou omettre d’agir « en connaissance de cause »
  4. L’introduction de la punition de toute tentative d’infraction (et non plus pour certains types d’infractions)
  5. La confirmation du régime actuel de la responsabilité des personnes morales, qui n’exclut pas la responsabilité pénale « des personnes physiques auteurs des mêmes faits ou y ayant participé »
  6. La qualification de la peine d’emprisonnement comme « l’ultimum remedium»
  7. La conception d’une échelle de 8 niveaux de peines, allant, pour les personnes physiques, d’une amende de 200 à 20.000 EUR, d’une peine de travail, de probation, de confiscation et/ou d’une déclaration de culpabilité (niveau 1) à un emprisonnement à perpétuité (peine de niveau 8) et, pour les personnes morales, d’une amende de 200 à 20.000 EUR, d’une peine de prestation de services en faveur de la communauté, d’une peine de probation, d’interdiction d’exercer l’activité, de la fermeture de l’établissement et/ou d’une déclaration de culpabilité (niveau 1) à une amende de 5.760.000 EUR (niveau 8)
  8. L’introduction comme facteur aggravant du mobile discriminatoire (basé sur la prétendue race, la couleur de peau, l’origine, le sexe ou encore d’autres critères énumérés)

 

De nombreux articles du Code sont consacrés aux peines principales et accessoires.

 

En résumé, le nouveau Code modernise le droit pénal tant dans la terminologie que dans les valeurs sous-jacentes et clarifie certaines définitions ou certains concepts en vue d’une meilleure compréhension par les justiciables.

 

Dans une prochaine chronique, nous exposerons les modifications du Livre II, qui consistent en l’introduction de nouvelles infractions ou en la reformulation d’infractions déjà visées.

 

Suite donc au prochain numéro …

Written by

Francine Messinne CEW & Partners

Francine Messinne

Partner
Linkedin-in
francine.messinne@cew-law.be
+32 (0)2 542 02 51
Banking and financial lawCompany and association lawEconomic and commercial law

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