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Abusive nature of unilateral termination conditions in banking services

News
26 JUNE 2024

Banking and financial law

Banking-insurance-finance

When determining the notice period, the bank must consider, based on specific circumstances, the imbalance between the disadvantages for its client and the benefit the bank gains from exercising the right to terminate banking services within the contractual notice period.

La Cour d’appel de Bruxelles a récemment statué sur une affaire impliquant un consortium de sociétés appartenant à un secteur réglementé et une banque belge, portant sur le droit de résiliation exercé de manière abusive par cette dernière.

Certaines sociétés du consortium, ainsi que leur administrateur, ont été confrontés à une résiliation unilatérale de leurs service bancaires. Les modalités de résiliation, en particulier la durée du préavis, ont été contestées pour leur caractère abusif et ont fait l’objet d’une demande de suspension de leurs effets.

La Cour d’appel a reconnu la connexité des causes concernant plusieurs sociétés d’un consortium en application des notions autonomes du Code judiciaire, afin d’éviter des solutions susceptibles d’être incompatibles si les causes avaient été jugées séparément et dans un souci de bonne administration de la justice.

Furthermore, the Court acknowledged the provisional nature of the request to suspend the effects of the termination, which does not challenge the right to terminate.

Enfin, la Cour a jugé que l’exercice du droit de résiliation par la banque était abusif à l’égard de certaines sociétés du consortium, après une analyse de la situation particulière de chacune d’entre elles. La Cour a fait ainsi application de la règle selon laquelle constitue un abus de droit, le fait d’exercer un droit contractuel causant un préjudice grave et disproportionné aux sociétés concernées, sans apporter d’avantage significatif à la banque.

The unpredictability of the termination, which prevented the companies from taking adequate preventive measures, the client’s compliance with obligations, and the difficulty in finding another bank within the given notice period were factual elements motivating the Court’s decision.

Par conséquent, malgré un délai de préavis contractuel de 15 jours, et une extension volontaire à 3 mois par la banque, la Cour a estimé qu’un délai de préavis d’environ 6 mois était nécessaire dans ce contexte particulier pour protéger les intérêts de certaines sociétés, compte tenu entre autres du délai nécessaire pour obtenir la désignation d’une autre banque dans le cadre du service bancaire de base.

Par cet arrêt, la Cour reconnait à la banque le droit contractuel de résiliation unilatérale sans motifs, tout en rappelant la nécessité pour la banque de respecter l’interdiction d’abus de droit en particulier en cas de disproportion entre les inconvénients pour le client et l’absence d’avantage pour la banque dans la détermination du délai de préavis.

Written by

David Szafran

Partner
Linkedin-in
david.szafran@cew-law.be
+32 (0)2 542 02 34
Banking and financial lawCompany and association lawSports lawEconomic and commercial law

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